Wednesday, May 28, 2014
CHOOSING A BIBLE TRANSLATION by Michael Zwaagstra
BETWEEN
THE LITERAL AND THE PARAPHRASE
MICHAEL
ZWAAGSTRA
When
looking at the vast array of Bibles, many Christians wonder how to select the
best one for them.
Walk
into the average Christian bookstore and you will find many different Bible
translations available for purchase.
Since
most of us are unable to read Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek, we are dependent on
language scholars to translate the Word of God for us. Knowing this, we are
privileged to have a number of different English translations available as they
make it possible for us to have more direct access to God’s Word than most
Christians in earlier centuries possessed.
However,
if Bible translation is just a matter of converting ancient languages into
English, why are there so many different versions available? After all, the
Canadian government regularly translates documents from French into English and
vice versa without much difficulty. Why should translating the Bible be any
different? The answer is that, unlike modern-day languages such as French,
Spanish, Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, are fundamentally different from the
English language. As a result, there is more to Bible translation than simply
converting individual words from the original language into our language.
For
example, a literal word-for-word translation from Greek into English of John 3:16
reads: “For thus loved God the world, so as the Son the only begotten he
gave, that everyone believing in him may not perish but may have life eternal.”
As we can see, a simple word-for-word translation is virtually unreadable to
most people. In order to achieve a functional translation, the grammatical
structure needs substantial modification.
Types
of Translations
At
the risk of oversimplification, there are three main categories of Bible translations.
1-Essentially
literal: These translations retain much of the form and structure of the
original language and provide a word-for-word translation to the greatest
degree possible. Translations in this category include King James Version
(KJV), New King James Version (NKJV), New American Standard Bible (NASB),
English Standard Version (ESV), and the Revised Standard Version (RSV).
2-Dynamic
equivalence: These translations employ a “thought-for-thought” approach that
conveys the essential meaning of the original authors. Concepts and metaphors
less widely known to modern-day readers are frequently rephrased. Translations
in this category include New International Version (NIV), Today’s New
International Version (TNIV), New International Reader’s Version (NIrV), New
Living Translation (NLT), New Century Version (NCV), and the Contemporary
English Version (CEV).
3-Free
paraphrase: Paraphrases take great liberty with the biblical text and seek to
convey the meaning of the author using contemporary phrases and metaphors. The
best-known paraphrases are The Clear Word (Clear Word), The Living Bible (TLB),
and The Message (Message).
Within
each of these categories, there is significant variation. For example, the NIV
is generally more literal than other dynamic equivalent translations, while The
Message makes bigger departures from the original text than The Living Bible or
The Clear Word. Nevertheless, these categories are a useful way for the average
Bible reader to differentiate from the plethora of translations available.
Illustrating
the different translation approaches when translated strictly word for word, Romans 8:8 reads
as follows: “And the [ones] in the flesh being God to please cannot.” Here is
how it reads using representative translations from each of the three
categories:
Essentially
literal:
•
“Those who are in the flesh cannot please God” (ESV).
•
“So then they that are in the flesh cannot please God” (KJV).
Dynamic
equivalence
•
“Those controlled by the sinful nature cannot please God” (NIV).
•
“That’s why those who are still under the control of their sinful nature can
never please God” (NLT).
Free
paraphrase:
•
“Anyone completely absorbed in self ignores God, ends up thinking more
about self than God. That person ignores who God is and what he is doing. And
God isn’t pleased at being ignored” (Message).
The
essentially literal translations are closest to the original text as they take
the actual Greek words and basically rephrase them into grammatically
acceptable English. In contrast, the dynamic equivalence translations replace
the word “flesh” with “sinful nature” and make explicit that which is only
implied in the original, namely that those who do not please God are under the
control of the sinful nature.
The
basic meaning is preserved although some key words are added and deleted. The
Message takes what it considers to be the main idea, namely that anyone
absorbed in self is displeasing to God, and amplifies this point while omitting
any direct reference to the flesh or sinful nature.
What
Should We Use?
Clearly,
there are substantial differences between the different translations. The old
saying that one Bible is as good as another simply does not hold true. With
this in mind, it is my belief that Christians are best off using an essentially
literal translation, particularly for in-depth study and public reading. Since
all Scripture is inspired by God (2 Tim. 3:16), we
should seek to read translations that reflect the Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek
words to the greatest degree possible. Jesus Himself said, “not an iota, not a
dot, will pass from the Law” (Matt. 5:18, ESV),
and we should be cautious about translations that alter the inspired Word of
God.
Another
reason for concern is that, in cases where there is more than one possible
meaning of a biblical text, Christians reading dynamic equivalent translations
or free paraphrases are frequently given only the translators’ interpretation.
Here’s an example from Mark 9:24:
“Immediately
the father of the child cried out and said, ‘I believe; help my unbelief!”
(ESV).
“Immediately
the boy’s father cried out and said, ‘I do believe; help my unbelief’” (NASB).
These
essentially literal translations preserve the father’s somewhat confusing
statement basically as he said it. When the father said, “I believe; help my
unbelief,” did he mean that he wanted Jesus to help him overcome his unbelief
or was he affirming that he already believed and wanted even more faith? We
don’t know for sure, but it’s something we need to grapple with when we read
the text. However, notice how dynamic equivalent translations and free
paraphrases deal with this verse.
“Immediately
the boy’s father exclaimed, “I do believe; help me overcome my unbelief!”
(NIV).
“Right
away the boy’s father shouted, ‘I do have faith! Please help me to have even
more’” (CEV).
“The
father cried out, ‘Teacher, I do believe, but please help me overcome my
unbelief! Please give me the kind of faith I need!’” (Clear Word).
The
wording provided by these translations is so different because they present
varying interpretations of what the father really meant to say. When the
translator does the hard work of interpreting challenging passages, individual
Christians are deprived of the opportunity to think for themselves. The reality
is that Christians should expect to wrestle with difficult Bible passages since
this is an important part of spiritual growth.
The
Transforming Word
All
Christians and church congregations need to give careful consideration to which
translation(s) they wish to use for personal and public reading. It is my
conviction that we have become too dependent on Bible translators to do our
interpreting for us. For those of us unable to read Hebrew and Greek,
essentially literal translations are the closest thing we have to the original
text of Scripture. Let’s use them more regularly in our personal study and
public readings, without going to the extreme to think that God spoke to
Jeremiah in King James Version English. He spoke—and the prophet did not only
hear and jot it down in Hebrew. His life was never again the same, because
God’s Word is not only inspired, but also meant to convict, correct, and transform
you and me—literally, dynamically, and freely.
This
article originally appeared in Adventist Review, 2010.
1.
Scripture quotations marked ESV are from The Holy Bible, English Standard
Version, copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a division of Good News
Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved. 2Texts credited to NIV are
from the Holy Bible, New International Version. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984,
International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers.
3Scripture quotations marked NLT are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living
Translation, copyright © 1996, 2004, 2007 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by
permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All
rights reserved. 4Texts credited to Message are from The Message. Copyright ©
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002. Used by permission of NavPress
Publishing Group. 5Scripture quotations marked NASB are from the New American
Standard Bible, copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975,
1977, 1995 by The Lockman Foundation. Used by permission. 6Scripture quotations
identified CEV are from the Contemporary English Version. Copyright © American
Bible Society 1991, 1995. Used by permission. 7Texts credited to Clear Word are
from The Clear Word, copyright © 1994, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006 by Review and
Herald Publishing Association. All rights reserved.
Wednesday, May 21, 2014
Update on SDA base packages release on Logos
Good news!!!
The Base packages are to be shipped on May 27,
2014
A few more days to wait
If you are interested with other Seventh-day Adventist books, see here
Tuesday, May 20, 2014
Theological Interpretation of the New Testament: A Book-by-Book Survey by Vanhoozer, Kevin J. • Baker Academic, SPCK 2008 for free in Logos until May 23, 2014
Theological Interpretation of
the New Testament: A Book-by-Book Survey
by Vanhoozer, Kevin J. • Baker Academic,
SPCK 2008
Get this title for free!
Join the Baker email list to receive the coupon code. Offer ends
May 23.
Overview
This convenient text utilizes
material from the award-winning Dictionary for
Theological Interpretation of the Bible (DTIB) to introduce
you to the Bible and theological interpretation through a comprehensive
book-by-book survey of the New Testament. The articles, authored by respected
scholars, make unique contributions to the study of theological interpretation
of Scripture.
Theological Interpretation of the New
Testament provides a history of
interpretation and covers major theological ideas for each book of the New
Testament. It will serve as an excellent supplementary text in New Testament or
Bible survey courses and be appreciated by all students of the New Testament.
In the Logos edition, this valuable
volume is enhanced by amazing functionality. Scripture citations link directly
to English translations, and important terms link to dictionaries,
encyclopedias, and a wealth of other resources in your digital library. Powerful
searches help you to find exactly what you’re looking for. Take the discussion
with you using tablet and mobile apps. With Logos Bible Software, the most
efficient and comprehensive research tools are in one place, so you get the
most out of your study
Praise for the Print Edition
The quality of
the individual essays is high, the New Testament scholarship is
exemplary. . . . The book might function very well in an
introductory class at the first professional level of seminary education
interested in acquainting students with the theological texture of the books of
the New Testament.
—Erik Heen, Review
of Biblical Literature
A welcome
addition to the literature devoted to the academic study of the New
Testament. . . . The book succeeds in offering a concern
for the critical and historical agenda of modern biblical studies coupled with
a positive affirmation of post-modern scepticism concerning dispassionate
objectivity. This book and its Old Testament twin are valuable additions to the
broader field of biblical studies.
—Andrew
Cheatle, Theological Book Review
[Theological
Interpretation of the New Testament (TINT)] is a helpful resource for
anyone seeking a better understanding of the New Testament writings. Along with
supplying a concise summary of the dominant theological themes, TINT provides
beneficial overviews of the history of interpretation that assist in
identifying the most crucial interpretive issues related to each book.
—Michael L.
Bryant, Southwestern Journal of Theology
This book
conveniently collects the articles on each NT book, as written for the Dictionary
for Theological Interpretation of the Bible. After Vanhoozer’s useful brief
introduction to theological interpretation, the collection proceeds in
canonical order with an excellent set of
contributors. . . . Everything in here is worth reading. It
is a very useful book to have on the shelf.
—Peter Oakes, Journal
for the Study of the New Testament
Product Details
• Title: Theological Interpretation
of the New Testament: A Book-by-Book Survey
• General Editor: Kevin J. Vanhoozer
• Publisher: Baker
• Publication Date: 2008
Pages: 272
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